Mariage

Mariage is a legally recognized and socially significant union between individuals that commonly forms the basis of a family, with associated rights and duties. It can be established through civil law, religious ceremony, or a combination of both, depending on the jurisdiction. In many countries, marriage is available to couples of different sexes and, where permitted, to same-sex couples.

Etymology and concept: The word derives from Latin maritagium, via Old French mariage, from maritus (husband). The term traditionally carried ideas of alliance, property transfer, and social legitimacy, although modern understandings emphasize personal commitment and mutual support.

Legal framework: In most legal systems, marriage requires a formal civil act registered with state authorities, which grants rights related to inheritance, taxation, parental authority, and social security. Religious or culturally specific ceremonies may accompany the civil act but do not always create legal status on their own. The arrangement of property (property regime), consent, and minimum age are governed by law and can vary by country. Dissolution of marriage, typically through divorce, is also regulated by statute.

Cultural and religious dimensions: Wedding customs vary widely. Common elements include vows, the exchange of rings, and a ceremony marking the union. Some cultures practice dowries, matchmaking, or arranged marriages; others emphasize individual choice. While many traditions discourage or prohibit polygamy, it persists in certain jurisdictions and communities. Attitudes toward same-sex marriage range from recognition to prohibition, reflecting legal and cultural contexts.

Contemporary context: The institution has evolved toward greater emphasis on equality and individual autonomy. Many regions offer civil unions or registered partnerships as alternatives, and ongoing legal reforms address issues such as parental rights, alimony, and recognition of multicultural or cross-border marriages.