Makrotoitained

Makrotoitained is a class of macro-porous composite materials designed to combine high permeability with substantial internal surface area. The term is used in materials science to describe frameworks that feature a three-dimensional interconnected pore network spanning macro-, micro-, and meso-scale channels. Makrotoitained structures are typically produced to enable rapid fluid transport while maintaining mechanical integrity, making them suitable for processes that require both flow access and surface-driven reactions.

In terms of composition, makrotoitained materials can be ceramic, polymeric, or composite in nature. They commonly consist of a rigid scaffold formed from oxides or polymers, with sacrificial templates or additive manufacturing methods creating large channels that are retained after template removal. The walls between channels can be micro- or mesoporous, providing increased surface area. Properties vary with composition but generally include low to moderate density, tunable porosity, and thermal or chemical stability compatible with intended applications.

Synthesis methods rely on templating and/or rapid prototyping techniques. Sacrificial templating uses removable spheres or fibers to establish macro-channels, followed by solidification of the framework and removal of the template. Additive manufacturing and phase-inversion approaches allow direct design of channel geometry. Post-synthesis treatments, such as sintering or crosslinking, help stabilize the pore walls and define pore size distribution.

Applications cover catalysis, environmental remediation, selective separations, and energy devices where adequate flow and high surface area are required. Research directions focus on improving mechanical strength, pollution resistance, and scalable fabrication. Makrotoitained remains a developing area with multiple variants tailored to specific performance targets.