Maculopapular

Maculopapular describes a type of skin eruption in which both macules (flat, discolored spots) and papules (slightly raised bumps) are present. The lesions are usually red (erythematous), well bordered, and often arranged in a symmetric pattern. The rash commonly affects the trunk and proximal limbs, and may spare the palms and soles; facial involvement varies with underlying cause. It is typically pruritic, but itch intensity can range from mild to persistent.

Common causes include infectious and drug-related etiologies. Viral infections such as measles, rubella, roseola, and other enteroviruses frequently produce a maculopapular rash in children, often with fever and systemic symptoms. Drug reactions are a major cause in adults; the most frequent form is a morbilliform (measles-like) eruption that can follow antibiotics (notably beta-lactams), sulfonamides, anticonvulsants, and allopurinol. Less commonly, conditions such as secondary syphilis or certain inflammatory diseases can present with a maculopapular rash.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on the appearance of the rash and the illness history. Important considerations include distinguishing it from more serious rashes with mucosal involvement or rapidly spreading symptoms. Management centers on treating the underlying cause and relieving symptoms. Offending drugs should be discontinued when a drug eruption is suspected. Symptomatic care may include oral antihistamines for itch and topical corticosteroids for inflammation; hydration and rest are advised for viral infections. Severe or unusual cases warrant medical evaluation.

Prognosis is generally favorable, with resolution in days to a couple of weeks after removal of the cause. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation can occur after the rash subsides.