Maandumised

Maandumised is the Estonian term for landings, referring to the act of transitioning from flight to a resting contact with a surface. The word is used in aviation and aerospace contexts to describe touchdown events, most often involving aircraft or spacecraft, but can also apply to other vehicles that return to a surface after flight.

In aviation, landings are a primary phase of flight requiring precise control of speed, descent angle, and attitude. A typical sequence includes final approach, flare, and touchdown on a prepared runway, followed by deceleration and exit from the runway area. Landings can be affected by factors such as crosswinds, visibility, and runway conditions. Operational practice distinguishes normal landings, crosswind landings, instrument landings (conducted with navigation aids), and aborted landings that end with a go-around when conditions are unsafe to continue the approach.

In spaceflight and aerospace, maandumised describe the landing of spacecraft after reentry into a planetary atmosphere or after leaving another surface. Procedures may involve deceleration through atmospheric drag, parachutes, retrorockets or thrusters, and landing gear or airbags to absorb impact. Landings can be on land, on water, or at designated sites, and are often designed to enable reuse of carrier vehicles in modern programs.

Safety, performance, and precision are evaluated using measures such as touchdown accuracy, landing distance or rollout length, and braking effectiveness. International aviation standards and national regulations govern approach profiles, language, and procedures to ensure safe and controlled landings.

Etymology and usage notes: maandumised is used in Estonian-language aviation literature to denote landing events for various vehicle types. See also: landing (aviation), touchdown, reentry.