Lümfoomides

Lümfoomides, in Estonian usage referring to lymphomas, are a diverse group of cancers that originate from lymphocytes in the lymphatic system. They can develop in lymph nodes, the spleen, bone marrow, and other tissues, and arise when lymphocytes grow uncontrollably.

The two major groups are Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). HL is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and a distinct clinical course, while NHL comprises many subtypes with varying behavior, most commonly B-cell lymphomas but also T-cell lymphomas. WHO classification distinguishes subtypes by cell type, morphology, genetic features, and immunophenotype.

Symptoms often include painless swelling of lymph nodes. B symptoms—fever, drenching night sweats, and unexplained weight loss—can occur. Other signs depend on the organs involved. Diagnosis requires tissue biopsy for histology and immunophenotyping, supported by imaging such as PET-CT to determine extent and stage. Staging commonly uses the Ann Arbor system, assessing nodal and extranodal involvement.

Treatment is tailored to the specific lymphoma type and stage. HL is typically treated with chemotherapy regimens (often including doxorubicin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) and may involve radiation therapy. NHL treatment varies by subtype and may include R-CHOP or other chemo regimens, targeted therapies such as rituximab for B-cell lymphomas, immunotherapy, and, in selected cases, stem cell transplantation. Prognosis ranges widely; HL generally has a favorable outcome with modern therapy, while NHL prognosis depends on subtype, stage, and patient factors.

Epidemiology shows variable incidence by age and geography, with risk factors including immunosuppression, certain infections, and family history.