Lowvision

Low vision refers to a significant visual impairment that cannot be fully corrected with standard treatments and that interferes with daily activities. It is distinct from legal blindness and total blindness. It affects the ability to read, recognize faces, or navigate environments.

Causes include age-related diseases such as macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, cataracts; inherited retinal diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa; optic neuropathies; brain injuries causing visual impairment. It is common in older adults but can occur in anyone.

Diagnosis involves comprehensive eye examination, measurement of best-corrected visual acuity, evaluation of field of vision, contrast sensitivity, color vision, and functional assessments. Classification often uses acuity or field loss and may be described as mild to profound loss.

Management focuses on maximizing remaining vision and functioning. This includes low-vision aids such as handheld or spectacle-mounted magnifiers, prismatic and telescopic devices, electronic magnification, screen-reading software, and high-contrast or large-print materials; training in lighting, contrast enhancement, and magnification; and environmental adaptations.

Rehabilitation services and occupational therapy, orientation and mobility training, and support for activities of daily living. Driving is often restricted or prohibited depending on legal standards and residual vision.

Prognosis varies with underlying condition; some stabilize, others progress. Ongoing research explores gene therapies, retinal implants, and new assistive technologies, but practical management relies on multidisciplinary low-vision care.