Latrine

A latrine is a simple toilet facility that collects human waste for disposal, typically in places without piped sanitation. It may be private or communal and is often located outdoors or within a basic structure. Latrines are designed to separate excreta from living spaces and drinking water.

Common forms include pit latrines, flush latrines connected to a septic tank or sewer, and composting latrines. Pit latrines store waste in a below-ground pit; some are ventilated to control odor. Flush latrines rely on water to move waste, while composting latrines use dry conditions to decompose material into safer residues.

Design and maintenance considerations include a durable enclosure, a stable seating surface, and access to handwashing facilities. Ventilation, construction materials, and pit design influence odor, fly control, and user acceptance. Pit latrines require regular desludging or safe emptying as pits fill, and all systems require proper fecal sludge management.

Public health and environmental aspects: effective latrines reduce contact with feces and transmission of diarrheal diseases, while poorly constructed facilities can contaminate soil and groundwater or attract pests. Latrine construction is a key component of sanitation programs, disaster relief, and efforts to end open defecation.