Laparoskopisk

Laparoskopisk, or laparoscopic, refers to a minimally invasive approach to surgery in which operations within the abdomen or pelvis are performed through small incisions using a laparoscope and specialized instruments. The laparoscope contains a camera that transmits video to a display, allowing the surgeon to operate with tools inserted through trocars. The abdomen is usually inflated with carbon dioxide to create working space.

The procedure typically involves general anesthesia, insertion of one or more trocars, inspection of the abdominal cavity, and the use of long instruments to perform the operation while watching the monitor. After completing the procedure, the instruments and trocars are removed and the incisions are closed. Modern laparoscopy relies on a variety of energy devices, staplers, and graspers, and can be performed with standard laparoscopic equipment or with robotic assistance in some centers.

Laparoscopic techniques are widely used for a broad range of procedures. Common examples include cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal), appendectomy, hernia repair, gynecologic operations such as hysterectomy or oophorectomy, and colorectal surgeries. Laparoscopy is also used for diagnostic purposes and for minimally invasive approaches to obesity surgery and other complex interventions.

Benefits of laparoscopy generally include smaller scars, reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, faster recovery, and lower risk of wound infections compared with open surgery. Limitations include a longer learning curve, longer operative times in some cases, and contraindications in certain conditions such as extensive adhesions, large or unstable tumors, or severe cardiopulmonary disease. Risks are similar to other surgeries and include bleeding, infection, injury to organs, and port-site hernias.

Historically developed in the 1980s, laparoscopy has evolved to include single-site techniques and robotic-assisted approaches, expanding its indications and precision.