Lacertidae

Lacertidae is a family of small to medium-sized lizards native to Europe, Africa, and Asia. Commonly known as wall lizards or lacertas, they form a major lineage within the true lizards. The family comprises more than 250 species across numerous genera, including Lacerta, Podarcis, Zootoca, Timon, Gallotia, Psammodromus, and Acanthodactylus.

Lacertids are generally slender with well-developed limbs and long tails. They typically have movable eyelids and external ear openings. Coloration and patterning vary widely among species and often change with breeding status or habitat. They occupy a broad range of habitats, from deserts and grasslands to woodlands, rocky outcrops, and urban areas.

Ecology and behavior: Lacertids are primarily diurnal insectivores, though some species take fruit or small animals opportunistically. They are usually active during the day, bask to regulate body temperature, and rapidly dash to escape threats. Many species exhibit territorial behaviors and use visual signals such as head bobbing and push-ups in displays. Tail autotomy is common as a defensive strategy.

Reproduction: Reproductive modes vary; most lacertids are oviparous, laying eggs in secure nests or under cover. A few northern species, notably Zootoca vivipara, are viviparous, giving birth to live young. Courtship often involves color changes and territorial displays.

Conservation: Habitat loss, introduced predators, pollution, and climate change threaten some lacertid species, with several having restricted ranges in island or desert habitats. Others remain widespread and common.