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LDL cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, is a type of lipid found in the blood that plays a key role in transporting cholesterol throughout the body. Often referred to as "bad cholesterol," LDL carries cholesterol from the liver to cells, but when levels are too high, it can contribute to the buildup of fatty deposits in arteries, a process known as atherosclerosis. Over time, this can lead to narrowed or blocked arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular conditions.

LDL particles vary in size and density, with smaller, denser particles being more likely to penetrate artery walls and contribute to plaque formation. Unlike high-density lipoprotein (HDL), which is considered "good cholesterol" because it helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream, LDL can accumulate in arterial walls, promoting inflammation and damage. This process is influenced by factors such as diet, genetics, physical activity, and overall metabolic health.

High levels of LDL cholesterol are typically measured through a blood test called a lipid panel or cholesterol profile. The optimal range for LDL cholesterol is generally below 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) for most people, though some individuals with existing heart disease or diabetes may require lower targets. Lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a heart-healthy diet low in saturated and trans fats, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, and avoiding smoking, can help lower LDL levels.

In some cases, medical intervention may be necessary. Statins, a class of medications, are commonly prescribed to reduce LDL cholesterol by inhibiting its production in the liver. Other drugs, such as bile acid sequestrants, nicotinic acid, fibrates, and PCSK9 inhibitors, may also be used depending on individual risk factors and treatment goals. Regular monitoring and consultation with a healthcare provider are essential for managing LDL cholesterol effectively and reducing cardiovascular risk.