Lélectronique

L'électronique, or electronics, is the branch of science and engineering concerned with the design, analysis, and application of devices that control electric current and the flow of electrons. It covers both analog and digital systems and relies on material science, circuit theory, and signal processing.

Historically, electronics emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the development of vacuum tubes and later transistors, which replaced bulky mechanical devices. The invention of integrated circuits in the 1950s enabled miniaturization and complex functionality, leading to the modern electronics industry.

Fundamental concepts include semiconductor physics, diode and transistor operation, amplification, switching, and feedback. Core laws such as Ohm's law and Kirchhoff's circuit laws underpin analysis. Design often uses discrete components or integrated circuits, from op-amps and logic gates to microprocessors.

Subfields include analog electronics, digital electronics, power electronics, mixed-signal processing, telecommunications, and embedded systems. Electronics enable products and systems in computing, consumer electronics, automotive, medical devices, and energy infrastructure.

Education and industry are global, with universities offering curricula in electronics engineering, and industries ranging from component fabrication to system integration driving innovation and standards.