Köppenklimatklassifisering

The Köppen climate classification system is a widely used method for categorizing the world’s climates into distinct types based on temperature, precipitation, and seasonal variations. Developed by the Russian-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in the early 20th century, the system remains a fundamental tool in geography, ecology, and meteorology for understanding regional climate patterns.

The Köppen system divides climates into five primary groups—tropical (A), dry (B), temperate (C), continental (D), and polar (E)—each further subdivided based on specific criteria. For example, tropical climates (A) are characterized by consistently warm temperatures, while dry climates (B) are defined by precipitation deficits relative to potential evaporation. Temperate (C) and continental (D) climates reflect seasonal temperature variations, with C indicating mild winters and D colder winters. Polar climates (E) are dominated by low temperatures, with tundra (ET) and ice cap (EF) subtypes.

The system incorporates additional letters to refine classifications, such as "f" for no dry season, "s" for summer dryness, and "w" for winter dryness. Köppen’s approach emphasizes observable patterns rather than absolute thresholds, allowing for nuanced comparisons across regions. While later refinements have been proposed, the Köppen system remains influential due to its simplicity and broad applicability.

Critics note its limitations, particularly in capturing microclimates or rapid climate change effects, but it continues to serve as a practical framework for global climate analysis. The system’s enduring relevance lies in its ability to provide a standardized way to describe and compare climates worldwide.