Kärldissektion

Kärldissektion, also known as aortic dissection, is a serious medical condition where a tear occurs in the inner layer of the aorta, the body's largest artery. This tear allows blood to rush through the inner and middle layers of the aorta, causing them to separate or dissect. The aorta is crucial for transporting oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, and a dissection can compromise blood flow to vital organs.

The primary symptom of aortic dissection is typically sudden, severe chest pain, often described as ripping or tearing, which may radiate to the back. Other symptoms can include shortness of breath, stroke-like symptoms such as weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, difficulty speaking, and abdominal pain. Prompt medical attention is essential as aortic dissection is a life-threatening emergency.

Risk factors for developing aortic dissection include uncontrolled high blood pressure, which is the most significant factor, as well as connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. Atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, and a history of previous heart surgery or aortic aneurysm are also contributing factors.

Diagnosis usually involves imaging tests such as a CT scan, MRI, or echocardiogram to visualize the aorta and confirm the presence and extent of the dissection. Treatment depends on the location and severity of the dissection. For dissections involving the ascending aorta (Type A), immediate surgery is often required to repair or replace the damaged section. For dissections involving the descending aorta (Type B), medical management with blood pressure control and monitoring may be sufficient, though surgical or endovascular intervention might be necessary in certain cases.