Kustmur

Kustmur is a term used in coastal engineering and historical contexts to denote a wall or barrier constructed along a coast to protect inland areas from marine forces. The word combines Estonian kust, meaning coast, with mur, meaning wall. In some sources it is used more broadly to refer to any shore-facing barrier designed to reduce wave impact and erosion.

A kustmur typically forms a continuous barrier along the shoreline and may be integrated with other coastal protection structures such as seawalls, revetments, or breakwaters. Materials include stone, concrete, bricks, gabions, or reinforced earth. Designs range from simple vertical walls to sloped revetments with parapets and drainage features. In coastal towns, kustmurs may be complemented by dune stabilization and drainage systems.

The primary purposes are to reduce coastal erosion, prevent flooding from storm surges, and protect infrastructure, habitats, and communities. Design must account for wave loading, scour around foundations, seepage, maintenance needs, and potential environmental impacts. Retrofitting older kustmurs is common where shorelines have experienced increased aggression from storms or sea-level rise.

Similar coastal barriers have appeared in many regions. The specific term kustmur is more common in Estonian-language literature and is used to describe both historic fortifications and modern protective walls along the coastline. Modern practice emphasizes resilience, adaptability, and integrated coastal zone management.

Related terms include seawall, breakwater, revetment, bulkhead, coastal engineering, and shoreline protection.