Kopyta

Kopyta are the keratinous coverings of the distal digits in many hoofed mammals. In Polish, kopyto is the singular form and kopyta is the plural. In English, the corresponding term is hoof or hooves. Kopyta protect the sensitive structures of the distal phalanx and play a key role in weight bearing, locomotion, and traction.

Anatomy and variation differ among hoofed groups. In horses and other perissodactyls, a single large hoof covers the end of each digit, with a wall, sole, and, on the underside, a softer structure called the frog. In many artiodactyls, such as cattle, sheep, goats, and deer, the foot often bears two main digits, each with its own hoof, forming a cloven hoof. The precise internal anatomy and the extent of the frog or equivalent structures vary across species.

Growth and care are important for hoof health. Hooves grow continuously and require regular trimming and, in many cases, professional shoeing to maintain proper balance and prevent overgrowth. Poor hoof care can lead to lameness, cracks, and infections such as thrush or abscesses. Environmental conditions, diet, and moisture also influence hoof quality and integrity.

Functions and ecology. Hooves provide stable support on varied terrains, aid in propulsion and energy efficiency, and affect agility and endurance. They reflect adaptations to different habitats, from hard, rocky surfaces to soft, muddy grounds. Effective hoof management is a central aspect of veterinary care, animal husbandry, and equestrian activities.