Koniferae

Koniferae, commonly known as conifers, are a diverse group of woody plants belonging to the division Pinophyta. They are characterized by their cone-bearing reproductive structures, hence the name "conifer." Most conifers are evergreen, meaning they retain their leaves, which are typically needle-like or scale-like, throughout the year, shedding them gradually rather than all at once. This adaptation allows them to photosynthesize even in colder months or during dry periods.

Conifers are gymnosperms, a classification indicating that their seeds are "naked," meaning they are not enclosed within an ovary. Instead, the seeds are exposed on the surface of cone scales. This contrasts with angiosperms, or flowering plants, which have seeds enclosed within fruits. The cones themselves are often woody and can be either male (producing pollen) or female (producing ovules that develop into seeds).

This ancient lineage of plants is found in a wide range of environments across the globe, from boreal forests to mountainous regions. Important examples of conifers include pines, firs, spruces, cedars, and junipers. Conifers play a significant ecological role, forming vast forests that are vital habitats for many species and contributing substantially to global carbon cycles. They are also economically important, providing timber, pulp for paper, and various resins and oils.