Komposiid

Komposiid, in Estonian, refers to a composite material—a substance made from two or more constituent materials with distinct properties that, when combined, produce characteristics different from those of its components. The constituents typically include a matrix, which binds and protects the reinforcement, and a reinforcement, which carries most of the mechanical load. The result is often tailored for specific performance, such as higher strength, stiffness, or resistance to wear, while allowing weight reduction.

Common matrices are polymers (such as epoxy, polyester, or vinyl ester), metals, and ceramics. Reinforcements are usually fibers (glass, carbon, or aramid) or particulates. The arrangement, volume fraction, and compatibility of matrix and reinforcement determine properties such as stiffness, strength, toughness, thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance.

Polymer-matrix composites are among the most widely used and are valued for high strength-to-weight ratios. Ceramic-matrix and metal-matrix composites offer high-temperature performance and different durability profiles. Composites are often anisotropic, meaning properties vary with direction.

Manufacture methods include hand lay-up, filament winding, pultrusion, resin transfer molding, vacuum-assisted processes, and increasingly additive manufacturing. Quality control focuses on fiber orientation, void content, and interfacial bonding between matrix and reinforcement.

Applications span aerospace, automotive, wind energy, sports equipment, marine, and construction. While composites provide advantages such as weight savings and design flexibility, they can be costly, difficult to repair, and challenging to recycle at end of life.