Keskusherroissa

Keskusherroissa (Finnish for “in the central nervous system”) refers to structures and processes located within the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS integrates sensory information, coordinates movement, and serves as the center for cognition, emotion, and autonomic regulation. It is made up of neurons and glial cells organized into networks, with major regions including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord.

Protection and support come from the skull and vertebral column, the meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater), and cerebrospinal fluid. The blood-brain barrier regulates the exchange of substances between the bloodstream and CNS tissue. Developmentally, the CNS originates from the neural tube during embryogenesis and matures through neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and myelination.

Key functions of the CNS include processing sensory input, initiating and coordinating voluntary and involuntary movements, and supporting higher-order functions such as memory, language, and planning. Autonomic and endocrine regulation involves brain areas like the hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal autonomic circuits.

Disorders affecting the CNS include infections (such as meningitis and encephalitis), degenerative diseases (e.g., Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s), demyelinating conditions (such as multiple sclerosis), cerebrovascular events (stroke), trauma (spinal cord injury), and CNS tumors. Diagnosis often relies on imaging (MRI, CT) and, when appropriate, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatments focus on neuroprotection, symptom management, and rehabilitation.