Kartografija

Kartografija is the science, art, and technology of creating maps and other representations of geographic space. It encompasses the theory of spatial visualization, data collection, map design, and the production of both digital and printed products. The discipline covers general cartography as well as thematic, topographic, nautical, and political mapping, with an emphasis on how best to communicate spatial information.

Historically, cartography has roots in ancient mapmaking traditions and evolved through classical Greek and Roman efforts, medieval mappa mundi, and the geometric work of Renaissance scholars. The Age of Exploration expanded geographic knowledge and refined measurement methods. In the modern era, advances in surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and, later, geographic information systems (GIS) transformed cartography into a data-driven and computational field. Today, digital cartography combines quantitative analysis with design to produce interactive and web-based maps.

Core methods and components include map projections, scale, generalization, and symbolization, along with color theory and typography. Cartographers rely on diverse data sources such as field surveys, aerial photography, satellite imagery, LiDAR, and census or environmental data, typically integrated within GIS platforms. The process often involves data collection, spatial analysis, and iterative design to balance accuracy, readability, and aesthetic clarity.

The term kartografija derives from roots meaning map and writing, reflecting the blend of scientific rigor and craft involved in mapmaking. The field supports a wide range of applications, from navigation and urban planning to environmental management, disaster response, and education.