Invitational

An invitational is an event, competition, or gathering in which participants are selected and invited by the organizers rather than entering through an open, public registration. The term is used as both a noun (the invitational) and an adjectival modifier (invitational tournament) in common usage. Invitations are typically based on criteria such as ranking, reputation, past performance, or sponsorship relationships.

In sports, arts, and esports, invitational formats are common. They allow organizers to curate a field of high caliber, tailor the field to balance geography or demographics, and secure sponsor and broadcast commitments. Some events are strictly invitation-only, while others combine invites with qualifying rounds to expand participation.

Selection methods vary. Organizers may rely on world rankings, previous event results, national or regional quotas, or special invites to prominent figures. Rules on eligibility and representation are usually published in advance, and invitation lists can be subject to change due to retirement, injury, or sanctions.

Advantages of invitational events include heightened prestige, predictability for logistics and media, and the ability to assemble a cohesive competition. Criticisms address the reduced accessibility for new contenders and potential biases in selection, which can reinforce existing hierarchies.

Notable examples include golf's Masters Tournament and various high-profile chess and esports events in which the field is primarily determined by invitation supplemented by select qualifiers.