Interoperabilnosti

Interoperabilnosti, commonly translated as interoperability, is the ability of distinct systems, organizations, or sectors to exchange information and use that information and related services effectively. It encompasses technical, semantic, organizational, and legal dimensions, and is essential for seamless cooperation across borders and disciplines.

Technical interoperability covers connectivity, data formats, interfaces, and network protocols that enable machines to communicate. Semantic interoperability ensures that exchanged data carries a shared meaning, often achieved through standardized data models and ontologies. Organizational interoperability addresses governance, policies, workflows, and business processes that enable collaboration. Legal interoperability concerns compliance with applicable laws, licensing, and data protection requirements.

Achieving interoperability relies on standards, open interfaces, and conformance testing. Common mechanisms include open standards bodies (ISO/IEC, W3C, IEEE, IETF), domain-specific standards (HL7 and FHIR in healthcare, ISO 20022 in finance, EDI in supply chains), and API-driven architectures (REST, OpenAPI). Interoperability frameworks and governance structures help align terminology, data mapping, and security controls across organizations. Examples include public sector open data programs, cross-border payments, and hospital information exchanges.

Benefits of interoperability include increased data sharing, operational efficiency, and the potential for innovation through cross-domain collaboration. Challenges include fragmentation across standards, data quality and privacy concerns, security risks, legacy systems, and costs of integration. Realizing interoperability typically involves standards adoption, data harmonization, privacy-preserving exchange practices, security-by-design, testing and certification, and ongoing governance and updates.