Interchange

Interchange is a term used to describe a junction where traffic can move between two or more roads, typically major highways, without directly crossing opposing streams of traffic. The purpose of an interchange is to allow safe, efficient flow by using ramps, overpasses, or underpasses to separate conflicting movements. Interchanges are common in urban and suburban areas where multiple freeways or arterials intersect.

In road design, interchanges come in several forms. Diamond interchanges route primary roads with simple ramp patterns suitable for moderate traffic, while cloverleaf interchanges use looping ramps to handle left-turn movements. Stack interchanges stack levels of roadways to accommodate high volumes at complex junctions, and trumpet or turbine interchanges address limited space with fan-like ramp configurations. Directional interchanges, designed to preserve long, uninterrupted travel between specific directions, are used on busy corridors. A key design concern is reducing weaving and conflict points, as well as balancing capacity, safety, and land use.

Outside road networks, the term interchange also refers to locations where different transportation modes connect, such as a transit interchange where bus, rail, or airport services meet, or a freight interchange that links rail and road shipments. These interchanges facilitate passenger transfer, multimodal trips, and efficient movement of goods by leveraging each mode’s strengths.

In information technology and manufacturing, data and parts interchange describe the ability of systems or components to exchange information or be substituted for one another. Data interchange involves standardized formats and protocols for transferring information between organizations or software applications, such as electronic data interchange (EDI). The concept of interchangeability underpins many supply chains and interoperability efforts.