Infertilitii

Infertilitii is the inability to achieve pregnancy after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse, or after six months if the person is aged 35 or older. It can involve one or both partners and may have multiple contributing factors. The condition prompts medical evaluation to identify treatable causes and consider assisted reproduction options.

Common causes are grouped into male factors (issues with sperm production or function, blockages, or ejaculation problems), female factors (ovulation disorders, blocked fallopian tubes, uterine abnormalities, or diminished ovarian reserve with age), and unexplained or combined factors. Lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol, and certain medications can influence fertility.

Diagnosis typically begins with a medical history and physical examination, followed by targeted tests. Semen analysis assesses male fertility. Female evaluation may include hormonal testing, ovulation tracking, transvaginal ultrasound, and procedures to evaluate the uterine cavity and fallopian tubes.

Treatment depends on causes and may include lifestyle modification, medications to stimulate ovulation, surgical correction of reproductive tract problems, or assisted reproductive technologies such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF), with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Donor eggs or sperm and surrogacy are options in certain cases.

Outcomes vary with age, cause, and access to care. Fertility may improve with treatment, and some couples conceive spontaneously after evaluation. Infertilitii can have emotional and financial impacts, underscoring the importance of counseling and support.