Incilius

Incilius is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae. It comprises Neotropical species that were traditionally placed in Bufo, but were moved to Incilius based on phylogenetic studies. Classification can vary among sources, with some databases recognizing Incilius as a distinct genus and others using alternative arrangements. The genus is native to the Americas, from the southern United States through Mexico and Central America to northern South America.

Incilius species occupy a broad range of habitats, including tropical and montane forests, grasslands, and arid regions, typically near freshwater bodies used for breeding. They are generally terrestrial for most of the year and become active at night. Morphologically, Incilius toads are usually medium-sized to large, with dry, warty skin and prominent parotoid glands behind the eyes. Coloration is variable, often cryptic, featuring browns, grays, and greens.

Diet consists mainly of insects and other invertebrates, reflecting a generalized toadomorph foraging strategy. Reproduction is commonly tied to rain or the presence of suitable water bodies; eggs are laid in gelatinous strings or clumps, and the aquatic tadpoles undergo metamorphosis in due time.

Conservation status varies by species. Threats include habitat loss, pollution, and disease, particularly chytridiomycosis and ranavirus infections. Climate change and invasive species can further impact populations. Some Incilius species are listed as threatened or data-deficient by conservation authorities, underscoring the need for ongoing monitoring and habitat protection.