parotoid

Parotoid refers to the pair of large skin glands found in many toads (family Bufonidae) that are located behind the eyes on the head and upper back. These glands are often visible as oval or rounded swellings and are connected to the skin by ducts that release secretions onto the surface when the animal is threatened.

The primary function of the parotoid glands is chemical defense. They produce a mixture of toxic compounds, collectively known as bufotoxins or bufogenins, which can deter or injure predators. The toxins can cause irritation of mucous membranes, vomiting, or more serious cardiovascular effects if ingested or absorbed. Because the composition and potency of secretions vary among species, the strength of the defense can range from mild irritation to highly toxic.

Anatomically, the glands vary in size and prominence across species, and not all toads have equally conspicuous parotoid glands. The presence, shape, and size of the glands can be used as a characteristic in identifying certain toad species. The toxins are typically released in response to threat, squeezing, or other disturbance, and some animals may also dispense secretions if handled roughly.

In human contexts, contact with parotoid secretions can irritate the skin or eyes, and accidental ingestion by pets or wildlife can be dangerous. Handling wild toads is generally discouraged, and hands should be washed thoroughly if contact occurs.

See also: Bufonidae, toad, parotid gland.