Improvvisation

Improvvisation, often written improvisation in English, refers to the creation of content in real time without a prewritten script or score. It spans multiple performing arts, including theatre, music, dance, and performance art, and may involve individuals or ensembles. Improvisation emphasizes spontaneity, responsiveness to others, and adaptability as a piece unfolds.

In theatre and comedy, improvised performances rely on collaboration, listening, and quick decision making. Formats may be short-form exercises, long-form scenes, or audience-suggested formats. Improvisers typically establish fictional premises, maintain character, and build on others' ideas, while using safety guidelines to manage risk and maintain respect for fellow performers and the audience.

In music, improvisation is the extemporaneous creation of melodies, harmonies, or rhythms within or beyond a given framework. It is central to many traditions, notably jazz and various world music practices, but also found in classical, electronic, and experimental scenes. In dance, improvisation involves spontaneous movement and exploration of space, energy, and form, often guided by prompts or themes.

Training in improvisation often uses structured games, prompts, and constraints designed to develop listening, collaboration, adaptability, and risk taking. Performers study techniques such as grounding, timing, and gesture, and may work with directors, musicians, or choreographers to shape performances. The aim is to produce coherent work without prior arrangement.

Improv is valued for creativity and immediacy but can be unpredictable; audiences may experience varying levels of narrative clarity or performance quality. Critics note that successful improvisation depends on practice, supportive culture, and clear boundaries. The concept also informs pedagogy, theatre and music programs, and experimental art practices.