Implantaadi

Implantaadi (Estonian for implant) refers to a medical device placed inside or on the body to replace a missing biological structure, support a damaged one, deliver therapy, or monitor physiological conditions. Implants are designed to remain in place for extended periods and to interact with surrounding tissue, often enabling restoration of function or improved quality of life. They are used across various medical fields and indications.

Common types include dental implants that anchor artificial teeth to the jawbone; orthopedic implants such as screws, plates, rods, and joint prostheses; cardiovascular implants like pacemakers, stents, and artificial heart valves; neural implants used for stimulation or sensing; and cosmetic implants such as breast implants. The choice of implant depends on the clinical indication, anatomy, and patient health.

Implants are typically made from biocompatible materials, including titanium alloys, stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys, ceramics, and certain polymers. Material selection aims to minimize immune reaction and wear while promoting tissue integration, as in osseointegration for dental implants. Implants are produced under strict manufacturing standards and sterilization processes and require placement by trained surgical specialists.

Regulation and safety involve preclinical testing, clinical evaluation, and regulatory clearance in many regions. In Europe, CE marking is common, while the United States relies on FDA approval and related oversight. Potential risks include infection, device loosening or failure, tissue irritation, allergic reactions, and long-term wear or mechanical problems. Postoperative follow-up and imaging are often needed to monitor implant performance.

The field continues to advance through innovations in imaging, materials science, additive manufacturing, and biointegration, with goals of improving compatibility, reducing complications, and enabling patient-specific implant designs.