Immunodeficiente

Immunodeficiente is a term used to describe a state where the immune system is weakened, making an individual more susceptible to infections and diseases. This deficiency can be either primary, meaning it is present from birth due to genetic factors, or secondary, acquired later in life due to external causes.

Primary immunodeficiencies are often referred to as inborn errors of immunity and can affect various parts of the immune system, including B cells, T cells, phagocytes, or the complement system. These conditions can range in severity from mild to life-threatening, and their symptoms often appear in early childhood. Examples include severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and common variable immunodeficiency (CVID).

Secondary immunodeficiencies are more common and can be caused by a wide range of factors. These include medical treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy, certain medications such as corticosteroids and immunosuppressants used after organ transplantation, and chronic illnesses like HIV/AIDS, cancer, and malnutrition. Environmental factors like long-term exposure to certain toxins can also contribute.

Individuals with immunodeficiencies may experience recurrent infections, infections that are unusually severe or prolonged, and a poor response to standard treatments. Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and various laboratory tests to assess the function and components of the immune system. Management strategies depend on the specific type and severity of the deficiency and may include antibiotic prophylaxis, immunoglobulin replacement therapy, and in some cases, stem cell transplantation.