Immigration

Immigration refers to the movement of people into a country other than their country of birth with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently. It is distinct from emigration, which is leaving one’s country of origin. Global migration includes workers, families, refugees, students, and asylum seekers.

Types of immigration include economic migration, family reunification, humanitarian protection, and study or seasonal work. Economic migrants seek opportunities in other countries; family-based immigration links relatives to citizens or residents; humanitarian pathways protect refugees and asylum seekers fleeing persecution or violence. Some migrants move temporarily for education or employment, with varying plans to remain or return.

Legal frameworks regulate immigration through visas, residency permits, work authorizations, and pathways to citizenship. Policies vary by country and may employ points-based systems, quotas, employer sponsorship, or pathways to naturalization. International law recognizes refugees and asylum seekers, though procedures and protections differ by jurisdiction.

Impacts of immigration are diverse, contributing to labor markets, innovation, entrepreneurship, and cultural exchange, while also affecting public services, housing, and social integration. Debates often address economic effects, security concerns, human rights, and the balance between controls and openness.

Data on immigration come from sources such as the United Nations, international organizations, and national statistics offices, reporting stock, flows, and net migration. Global patterns show varying levels of openness and restriction across regions, shaped by demographic needs, economic conditions, and policy choices.