naturalization

Naturalization is the legal process by which a non-citizen acquires citizenship in a country after fulfilling specified criteria. It is one of several routes to citizenship, alongside birth within a country or through parental citizenship. Naturalization creates a new national allegiance and grants the same rights and duties as native-born citizens, subject to each state's laws.

Common requirements include legal residency for a minimum period, possession of lawful permanent resident status, and good moral character. Applicants may be required to demonstrate language proficiency, knowledge of the country's history and government, and integration into society. Some jurisdictions also require financial self-sufficiency, absence of criminal convictions, or intent to reside in the country.

The process typically involves submitting an application and documentation, background checks, and payment of fees. Applicants may need to pass language and civics tests, attend an interview, and provide biometric data. After review, authorities may grant naturalization, often through an oath or pledge of allegiance.

Naturalized citizens acquire political rights such as the ability to vote and run for office, passport access, and protection under the country's laws. They may also be required to fulfill duties such as taxation and obedience to legal norms. Policy on dual citizenship varies: some countries permit dual citizenship for naturalized citizens, some require renunciation of the previous nationality, and others restrict or do not recognize it.

Policy and practice vary widely by country and over time. Some states offer expedited or lineage-based pathways, while others have strict residency requirements. Naturalization has been a central instrument of immigration policy and national integration throughout modern history.