Icteric

Icteric refers to a condition characterized by the yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and the whites of the eyes, commonly known as jaundice. The term originates from the Latin word *icterus*, which means jaundice. This discoloration occurs due to the accumulation of bilirubin, a yellow pigment produced during the breakdown of red blood cells and the metabolism of heme. Bilirubin is typically processed by the liver and excreted in bile, but when its levels rise above normal, it can cause icteric symptoms.

Icteric conditions can arise from various underlying causes, including liver disease, bile duct obstruction, certain infections, and genetic disorders. For instance, hepatitis, cirrhosis, and gallstones may impair liver function or block bile flow, leading to elevated bilirubin levels. Hemolytic anemia, where red blood cells are destroyed more rapidly than usual, can also result in excess bilirubin production. Neonatal jaundice, a common condition in newborns, often occurs due to immature liver function or incompatibility between the mother’s and baby’s blood types.

Diagnosis of icteric typically involves clinical examination, blood tests to measure bilirubin levels, liver function tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasounds or MRIs. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include managing the primary condition, fluid therapy, or, in severe cases, medical interventions like exchange transfusions for newborns. Early detection and proper management are crucial to prevent complications, such as liver damage or neurological issues in infants.

While icteric is often a symptom of an underlying health issue, it is not a standalone disease. Prompt medical evaluation is recommended if yellowing of the skin or eyes is observed, especially in the presence of other symptoms like fatigue, abdominal pain, or dark urine.