ICBM

ICBM stands for intercontinental ballistic missile, a guided ballistic missile designed to deliver one or more warheads over intercontinental distances, typically defined as at least 5,500 kilometers (3,400 miles). ICBMs are a core element of strategic deterrence for nations possessing nuclear forces, offering the ability to strike targets across continents with relatively long ranges and on relatively short warning.

A typical ICBM consists of one or more propulsion stages, a guidance system, and a payload section containing the warhead(s). The flight involves a short boost phase that propels the missile into space, followed by a coast phase during which the warhead(s) re-enter the atmosphere on ballistic trajectories toward their targets. Modern ICBMs are largely solid-fueled, which supports quicker launch and longer storage stability; earlier designs often used liquid fuel and required on-site fueling. Some ICBMs can carry multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), allowing one missile to aim at several targets.

Deployment and basing: land-based ICBMs are typically housed in fixed silos or launched from mobile platforms such as road or rail-mobile launchers. Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) provide the sea-based leg of a nuclear deterrent and are closely related to ICBMs in capability, though they are a distinct category of strategic ballistic missiles.

History and significance: ICBMs were developed during the Cold War as a pinnacle of strategic delivery systems, with programs in the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and other states. Arms control efforts have aimed to limit deployment and warhead numbers while maintaining strategic stability and verification mechanisms.