Hüperparatüreoidism

Hüperparatüreoidism refers to a condition characterized by an overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. These small glands, located in the neck behind the thyroid gland, are responsible for regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. When PTH is secreted in excess, it leads to elevated levels of calcium in the bloodstream, a condition known as hypercalcemia.

There are two primary types of hüperparatüreoidism: primary and secondary. Primary hüperparatüreoidism is caused by an intrinsic problem within the parathyroid glands themselves, most commonly a benign tumor called an adenoma. Less frequently, it can be due to hyperplasia, an enlargement of the glands, or rarely, carcinoma. Secondary hüperparatüreoidism occurs as a response to other underlying medical conditions, such as chronic kidney disease or severe vitamin D deficiency, where the body attempts to compensate for low calcium levels by stimulating the parathyroid glands to produce more PTH.

Symptoms of hüperparatüreoidism can vary widely and may include fatigue, bone pain, muscle weakness, increased thirst and urination, kidney stones, and mood disturbances. In some cases, individuals may experience no noticeable symptoms. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure calcium, phosphate, and PTH levels, along with imaging studies to assess the parathyroid glands. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition and may involve surgery to remove affected parathyroid glands or medical management to address the underlying cause.