Hystricidae

Hystricidae, commonly known as the Old World porcupines, is a family of large, heavy-bodied rodents native to Africa and Asia. Members are predominantly terrestrial and nocturnal, though some species can climb and inhabit trees or rocky outcrops. They are best known for their dense array of quills, which function as a primary defense. The quills are modified hairs that detach easily when touched; many species also use a threatening display and a distinctive posture when approached by predators. Hystricidae have strong forelimbs and claws for digging, which they use to excavate burrows and to reach tubers and roots.

Taxonomy and distribution: The family Hystricidae is part of the infraorder Hystricognathi within Rodentia. It contains several genera, most notably Hystrix (the classic Old World porcupines) and Atherurus (brush-tailed porcupines). Species occur from sub-Saharan Africa across to southern and southeastern Asia, including the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia. They occupy forests, woodlands, savannas, and sometimes arid regions.

Ecology and behavior: Hystricids are mostly herbivorous but may opportunistically consume insects and small animals. They construct simple burrows or den in rocky crevices and are mostly solitary, meeting mainly for breeding. Reproduction varies by species; litters are typically small, and weaning occurs after several weeks to months.

Conservation: Across the family, conservation status ranges from Least Concern to Vulnerable, with some species threatened by habitat loss, hunting for meat and quill trade, and human–wildlife conflict.

Etymology: The name Hystricidae derives from the Greek hystrix, meaning porcupine.