Hypotyreósa

Hypotyreósa, also known as hypothyroidism, is a medical condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland. The thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces hormones that regulate metabolism, influencing how the body uses energy. When the thyroid gland does not produce enough of these hormones, many bodily functions slow down.

The symptoms of hypotyreósa can vary widely and often develop gradually, making diagnosis sometimes challenging. Common signs include fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold, constipation, dry skin, unexplained weight gain, puffy face, and hoarseness. In women, menstrual cycles may become heavier or more irregular. If left untreated, severe hypothyroidism can lead to more serious health problems, including heart disease and infertility.

The causes of hypotyreósa are diverse. The most frequent cause in iodine-sufficient regions is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Other causes include thyroid surgery, radiation therapy to the neck or head, certain medications, and insufficient iodine intake. Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in newborns when the thyroid gland is not properly formed or positioned.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and blood tests to measure levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4). Elevated TSH levels, along with low T4 levels, usually indicate hypothyroidism. Treatment usually involves taking a synthetic thyroid hormone medication, levothyroxine, which replaces the hormones the thyroid is not producing. This medication is typically taken for life, and regular monitoring is required to ensure the correct dosage.