Hypotermi

Hypotermi, or hypothermia, is a medical condition in which the body's core temperature falls below the normal range. The commonly cited threshold is a core temperature below 35°C (95°F). Severity is often categorized as mild (32–35°C), moderate (28–32°C), and severe (below 28°C). The condition results from excessive heat loss relative to heat production, due to environmental exposure, impaired thermoregulation, or a combination of both. It can occur in all ages but is more dangerous for the very young, the elderly, and those with chronic illness, trauma, malnutrition, or alcohol or drug use.

Causes and risk factors include prolonged exposure to cold air or wet conditions, immersion in cold water, inadequate clothing, fatigue, exhaustion, and dehydration. Medical conditions such as hypothyroidism, sepsis, trauma, and alcohol intoxication can worsen heat loss or impair the body’s ability to generate heat. Outdoor activities, homelessness, and work in cold environments are common contexts for hypothermia.

Signs and stages begin with shivering, rapid breathing, and cold, pale skin. As temperature falls, shivering may stop, confusion or slurred speech may occur, and coordination and consciousness can deteriorate. Severe hypothermia can involve unconsciousness, bradycardia, and life-threatening arrhythmias. In some cases, core temperature is not readily measured, and clinical judgment guides treatment.

Management emphasizes protection from further heat loss and controlled rewarming. Call emergency services, move the person to a warm, dry place, remove wet clothing, and apply insulating layers. For mild cases, passive external warming (blankets, warmed environment) may suffice. Moderate to severe hypothermia often requires active external warming (heating blankets) and, in hospital, active internal warming (warm IV fluids, warmed oxygen) and careful monitoring. Avoid rapid or excessive rewarming and rough handling to prevent arrhythmias.

Prevention focuses on adequate clothing, shelter, nutrition, hydration, avoiding alcohol in cold conditions, and planning for immersion or fall risks in cold settings. Early recognition and prompt treatment improve outcomes.