Hose

A hose is a flexible tube designed to convey liquids or gases from one location to another. Hoses are distinguished from rigid pipes by their ability to bend and withstand pressure or suction, and they are used in agriculture, construction, firefighting, automotive, and household settings.

Construction: A hose typically consists of an inner lumen lined with a material that resists the intended fluid and pressure, a reinforcement layer for strength, and an outer cover that protects against abrasion and environmental conditions. Common materials include natural or synthetic rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), neoprene, nitrile, and silicone. Reinforcement may be braided or spiraled textile cords, or wire, to provide torque resistance and increased pressure rating.

Types and sizes: Garden hoses are used for irrigation and cleaning around homes; fire hoses are designed for high flow and pressure; air hoses supply pneumatic tools; water-supply hoses carry potable or non-potable water; chemical and suction hoses handle specialized fluids. Diameters range from about 1/4 inch to several inches, and consumer hoses commonly run 25 to 100 feet; industrial hoses can be much longer or thicker, depending on application.

Fittings and standards: Hoses terminate with couplings or ends compatible with equipment, including threaded, quick-connect, or cam-and-groove fittings. They are rated by nominal inner diameter and maximum working pressure, and may meet regional standards set by organizations such as ASTM or ISO. Temperature and chemical compatibility are important design considerations.

Maintenance: Inspect hoses for cracks, bulges, or wear; avoid kinking; store away from direct sun and heat; replace hoses that show signs of damage. Safety considerations include using correct pressure ratings, appropriate adapters, and compatible fluids to prevent failures.