Homophobia

Homophobia is a range of negative attitudes, beliefs, or actions directed at people because of their perceived or actual sexual orientation, particularly toward lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer individuals. The term combines "homo-" with "phobia" to denote an aversion that can be personal or institutional. Although often described as irrational fear, scholars note that it frequently reflects prejudice, stigma, and power dynamics rather than clinical fear.

Forms and manifestations include individual prejudice, harassment, discrimination in housing, employment, education, and public services, as well as structural policies and social norms that marginalize LGBTQ people. Homophobia can lead to violence, hate crimes, social exclusion, mental health disparities, and reduced access to healthcare and legal protection.

Origins and development: The concept gained prominence in the mid-20th century, contributed by researchers and activists highlighting hostility toward homosexuality. Debates exist about labeling, with alternatives such as "homonegativity" or "anti-LGBT prejudice" used in some contexts.

Measurement and responses: Surveys assess attitudes toward LGBTQ rights; crime data track hate crimes; many countries prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and partner recognition; educational programs, media representation, and inclusive policies aim to reduce homophobia.

Impact and context: Homophobia intersects with religion, culture, gender norms, and political ideology, producing varying degrees of prejudice across societies. Addressing it involves legal protection, education, and culturally competent care, while critics sometimes argue for focusing on behavior rather than identities.