Hollanda

Hollanda, commonly known as the Netherlands, is a country in Western Europe. It covers about 41,500 square kilometers and has a population of around 17 million. The capital is Amsterdam, while the government is seated in The Hague. The country is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system, in which the monarch serves as head of state and a prime minister acts as head of government. The Netherlands is a member of the European Union, the eurozone, and NATO.

Geography and environment: The Netherlands is known for its flat terrain, extensive water management, and a landscape shaped by canals, dikes, and polders. Much of the land lies below or near sea level, protected by a sophisticated system of waterworks. The country comprises twelve provinces, with North Holland and South Holland among the most populous.

Economy and infrastructure: The Dutch economy is highly developed and export-oriented, emphasizing services, trade, and high-tech manufacturing. The Port of Rotterdam is one of the largest in the world, and Amsterdam is a major financial center. Dutch agriculture is highly productive, with flowers, vegetables, and dairy among its leading exports. The country relies on well-developed infrastructure, including a dense road and rail network and Schiphol Airport near Amsterdam.

Culture, language, and society: Dutch is the official language; Frisian has official status in Friesland. The Netherlands is renowned for its art, design, and architecture, with historic figures such as Rembrandt and Vermeer and later artists like Van Gogh. The country has progressive social policies, including same-sex marriage (legalized in 2001) and physician-assisted euthanasia (regulated since 2002).

History: The modern state emerged from a federation of provinces that fought for independence from the Habsburgs in the late 16th century, leading to the Dutch Golden Age in the 17th century. It expanded through global trade and colonial ventures, later forming a constitutional monarchy and integrating into European and transatlantic networks. The 20th century saw occupation during World War II and postwar rebuilding, followed by participation in the EU and NATO.