Hiperbilirubinémia

Hiperbilirubinémia refers to an elevated level of bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment produced during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. The liver processes bilirubin, making it soluble and allowing it to be excreted from the body. When this process is disrupted, bilirubin can accumulate, leading to jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes.

There are several causes of hiperbilirubinémia. Pre-hepatic causes include conditions that lead to increased red blood cell destruction, such as hemolytic anemias. Hepatic causes involve problems with the liver's ability to process bilirubin, like hepatitis or cirrhosis. Post-hepatic causes are due to blockages in the bile ducts that prevent bilirubin from being excreted, such as gallstones or tumors.

In newborns, a common condition called neonatal jaundice is often due to the immature liver's inability to effectively process bilirubin. This is usually temporary and resolves on its own, but severe cases can require treatment like phototherapy.

Diagnosis of hiperbilirubinémia involves a blood test to measure bilirubin levels. The specific type of bilirubin (unconjugated or conjugated) can help determine the underlying cause. Treatment strategies depend on the cause and severity, ranging from watchful waiting to phototherapy, medications, or surgical intervention to address bile duct obstructions. Untreated severe hiperbilirubinémia, particularly in infants, can lead to serious neurological complications.