Harakeke

Harakeke is the Māori name for Phormium tenax, a species of evergreen New Zealand flax native to Aotearoa. It is a perennial monocot that forms a rosette or fan of erect, sword-shaped leaves. Leaves are typically 1 to 2.5 meters long and a few centimeters wide, with a sturdy fiber inside. In late spring to summer, tall flowering stalks rise above the foliage, bearing dense panicles of tubular flowers that can be reddish or pink, followed by seed capsules.

Distribution and habitat extend across much of New Zealand. Phormium tenax is adapted to a variety of environments, from coastal dunes to forest margins and open landscapes, and is found from near sea level to higher elevations. It tolerates a range of soils and climates but generally prefers sunny locations with good drainage. It is widely cultivated in native gardens and landscapes for its architectural leaves and drought tolerance, and can serve as a windbreak or soil stabilizer.

Uses and cultural significance are central to harakeke. Historically, Māori processed the leaves to extract strong fibers used in weaving kete (baskets), mats, mats for cloaks, and other woven items. The plant remains culturally significant and is studied and grown in weaving programs and Māori art contexts. In horticulture, harakeke is valued for its striking texture, versatility in planting schemes, and ease of propagation.

Propagation is typically by division of clumps or by seed. It can form dense clumps and, in favorable conditions, spread gradually; regular removal of spent flower stalks helps maintain a tidy appearance in gardens.