HIVinfected

HIV-infected refers to people who have been infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the virus that attacks the body's immune system, particularly CD4 T cells. If untreated, HIV infection can progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), though modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) can prevent this outcome in most people.

Transmission occurs through certain body fluids: blood, semen, vaginal and rectal fluids, and breast milk. The most common routes are unprotected sexual contact, sharing needles, and transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. HIV is not transmitted by casual contact, coughing, or through food or water.

Pathophysiology involves HIV entering host cells and using reverse transcriptase to replicate, then integrating into the host genome. This leads to gradual loss of CD4 T cells and weakening of the immune system. Even with treatment, viral reservoirs can persist, requiring lifelong management.

Symptoms vary. Many people have no symptoms for years, while others experience an initial acute illness with flu-like symptoms. Diagnosis relies on HIV tests, including antibody, antigen/antibody, or nucleic acid tests, and ongoing monitoring uses viral load and CD4 count.

Treatment with ART is recommended for all people with HIV. A combination of medications taken daily can suppress viral replication, preserve immune function, and markedly reduce the risk of transmission when the viral load is undetectable (U=U). Adherence is crucial, and regimens are chosen to minimize side effects.

With effective ART, many people living with HIV achieve near-normal life expectancy and quality of life. Prevention strategies such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), safer sex practices, and prevention of mother-to-child transmission are important public health tools. Stigma and access barriers remain challenges in many settings.