Gnaphosoidea

Gnaphosoidea is a superfamily of spiders belonging to the order Araneae. This group encompasses a diverse array of ground-dwelling spiders, many of which are nocturnal hunters. Key characteristics of Gnaphosoidea include the presence of a scopula on the metatarsi and/or tarsi of their legs, which aids in gripping surfaces, and a distinct arrangement of their posterior spinnerets, typically fused or greatly reduced. They are commonly found in leaf litter, under bark, and in other sheltered environments across the globe. The superfamily is divided into several families, with Gnaphosidae being the largest and most well-known. Other families include Lamponidae, Prodidomidae, and Trochanteriidae, though taxonomic classifications can vary. Many gnaphosoids possess excellent night vision and are adept at detecting vibrations. Their diets primarily consist of insects and other small arthropods, which they actively pursue or ambush. Gnaphosoid webs are generally not used for prey capture but rather for shelter or egg sacs. The venom of these spiders is generally considered mild to humans, though some species may deliver a painful bite.