Glenohumeralleddet

Glenohumeralleddet is the Swedish term for the glenohumeral ligaments, a group of intrinsic ligaments that reinforce the shoulder joint capsule by connecting the glenoid fossa of the scapula to the humeral head. These ligaments contribute to the stability of the glenohumeral joint, which is responsible for the wide range of arm motion at the shoulder.

Anatomy and attachments

The glenohumeral ligaments consist of three components: the superior glenohumeral ligament (SGHL), the middle glenohumeral ligament (MGHL), and the inferior glenohumeral ligament (IGHL). The SGHL runs from the anterosuperior glenoid margin to the humeral head near the lesser tubercle. The MGHL typically extends from the glenoid to the anterior aspect of the humeral head, blending with surrounding structures. The IGHL complex is the principal inferior stabilizer and is divided into an anterior band, a posterior band, and an axillary pouch, which forms a recess beneath the joint capsule when the arm is in certain positions. The ligaments work together to reinforce the anterior, inferior, and anteroinferior aspects of the capsule.

Function

These ligaments limit excessive translation of the humeral head, especially in positions of abduction and external rotation. The IGHL is the major restraint against anterior-inferior dislocation when the arm is abducted and externally rotated, while the SGHL and MGHL contribute to limiting external rotation and anterior translation in various joint positions. They also help constrain joint laxity during movement.

Clinical significance

Injuries to the glenohumeral ligaments, such as sprains or capsular injuries, can compromise shoulder stability and contribute to recurrent dislocations or subluxations. Surgical or conservative management may aim to restore ligament tension and capsular integrity through repair or reconstruction.