Gleiter

Gleiter is the German term for an aircraft designed for unpowered flight. In general usage, it refers to a glider or sailplane. Gliders are built to maximize lift-to-drag ratio, allowing extended time aloft by exploiting atmospheric currents and then gliding long distances.

Typical Gleiter construction uses lightweight materials such as composites, aluminum, or wood and fabric. They feature long, high aspect ratio wings, carefully shaped airfoils, and control surfaces such as ailerons, elevator, and airbrakes. Some gliders are designed for non-powered takeoff, while others are motor gliders with an engine for self-launching or extended flight.

Launch methods include tow by another aircraft or ground-based winch; self-launching gliders use an integrated engine to gain initial altitude. Once aloft, pilots seek rising air—thermals, ridge lift, or wave lift—to gain height. They then convert altitude into forward motion, aiming for efficient glide ratios commonly in the range of about 40:1 to 60:1, with high-performance models capable of higher ratios.

History and use: Early experiments by Otto Lilienthal in the 1890s laid the groundwork for modern gliding. In the 20th century, specialized sailplanes (Segelflugzeuge) became standard for sport and training, and postwar advances in composites improved performance. Today gliders are used worldwide for recreation, competition, and research. They operate under aviation authorities and require appropriate pilot licensing and adherence to airspace regulations.