Gewissen

Gewissen is a noun in German denoting the inner sense or faculty by which a person judges the morality of thoughts and actions. It is commonly translated as conscience and is often described as an inner voice or felt obligation that can compel moral consideration, induce guilt, or accompany a sense of integrity. The term is rooted in Germanic language and historically signified inner knowledge or certainty about right and wrong, rather than external rules or authorities.

In ethical philosophy, Gewissen is discussed as an inner normative guide. Some traditions treat it as a rational voice of universal law commanding obligation; others emphasize moral sentiments such as empathy, guilt, or pride. The concept raises questions about moral autonomy, the authority of conscience versus social norms, and how universalizable a conscience is across cultures. Critics warn that conscience can be biased by upbringing, culture, or psychological factors.

In psychology and neuroscience, Gewissen appears as the product of internalized norms and self-regulation. It relates to moral emotions like guilt and shame and to cognitive control mechanisms that translate values into behavior. Developmentally, conscience develops through socialization, education, and experience, and can be exercised or distorted under stress or conflicting duties.

Culturally and religiously, Gewissen is tied to concepts of moral law, divine command, or ethical duty. Christian, Jewish, and Islamic traditions often frame conscience as a guide accountable before God or higher standards, while secular ethics treat it as an evolved human capacity for self-assessment. Modern discussions address the reliability of conscience, its sources, and how to reconcile personal conscience with laws, professional codes, or collective obligations.