Genioplasty

Genioplasty is a surgical procedure to reshape the chin, performed for cosmetic enhancement or reconstructive purposes. It aims to improve facial proportion by altering chin projection, contour, or symmetry and is often done in conjunction with other facial procedures such as rhinoplasty or orthognathic surgery.

Two common approaches are sliding genioplasty and implant-based augmentation. Sliding genioplasty involves making a controlled osteotomy in the chin portion of the mandible, moving the chin segment forward or backward, and securing it with plates and screws. Implant-based genioplasty places an alloplastic implant through an intraoral or submental incision to increase chin projection or refine contour. Implants may be silicone, porous polyethylene, or titanium and can be customized in some cases. In certain situations, a combination of techniques or staged procedures may be used.

Indications include a retrusive or recessed chin (microgenia), chin contour asymmetry, disproportion between the chin and other facial features, or the desire to improve facial harmony. Planning relies on clinical assessment, dental occlusion analysis, and imaging such as 3D photography or CT scans to guide the chosen method and achieve balanced results.

The procedure is usually performed under general anesthesia. In sliding genioplasty, an incision access point creates a segmental osteotomy, the segment is repositioned, and rigid fixation is applied. Implant procedures involve creating a pocket and placing the implant, with closure of the incision. Postoperative care includes managing swelling and pain, adhering to a soft diet, and avoiding strenuous activity for several weeks. Outcomes are typically stable when properly planned and executed, though risks exist.

Potential complications include numbness or altered sensation of the lower lip or chin due to nerve injury, infection, malocclusion or bite changes, implant-related issues, and the possibility of relapse or asymmetry.