Gammahemolüüs

Gammahemolüüs, also known as non-immune hemolysis, is a process where red blood cells are destroyed without the involvement of antibodies. This contrasts with immune hemolysis, where antibodies bind to red blood cells and trigger their destruction. Gammahemolüüs can occur due to various factors, including mechanical damage, oxidative stress, or certain toxins.

Mechanical hemolysis, for instance, can happen when red blood cells pass through narrow or irregular passages, such as in artificial heart valves or certain blood disorders. The physical stress can damage the cell membrane, leading to rupture. Oxidative hemolysis is caused by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species that damage red blood cell components, including lipids and proteins. This can be exacerbated by certain genetic conditions or exposure to specific chemicals.

In some cases, infections or toxins can directly damage red blood cells, leading to their lysis. For example, toxins produced by certain bacteria or parasites can disrupt the integrity of the red blood cell membrane. Gammahemolüüs can also be a consequence of prolonged storage of blood products, where cellular components may degrade over time.

Diagnosing gammahemolüüs often involves ruling out immune causes. Tests like the direct antiglobulin test (DAT) are used to detect antibodies or complement components on red blood cells. If the DAT is negative, and there are other indicators of hemolysis such as elevated bilirubin or lactate dehydrogenase levels, gammahemolüüs is suspected. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve addressing the source of mechanical stress, managing oxidative damage, or treating infections.