G2C

G2C, or government-to-citizen, is a segment of e-government focused on delivering public services, information and interaction channels directly to individual citizens and residents. It encompasses digital portals, mobile apps, and other channels that allow people to access services such as licensing, taxation, social benefits, records, and regulatory information. Central to G2C is the concept of a single-point access, often via a government portal, and the use of digital identity to authenticate users.

Typical mechanisms include online service portals, e-services (tax filing, birth certificates, driving license renewal), digital forms, e-payments, and status tracking. Many programs are built on interoperable back-end systems to allow data sharing across agencies while preserving privacy and security. Examples: national portals and apps that provide access to public services; digital identities; document verification; and electronic notification.

Benefits include increased accessibility and convenience for citizens, reduced processing times, lower transaction costs for government and users, improved transparency, and enhanced data collection for planning and policy.

Challenges include digital divide and unequal access to technologies, cybersecurity risks, privacy and data protection concerns, and the need for inclusive design to serve people with disabilities or limited literacy. Successful G2C initiatives require user-centric design, strong authentication, data governance, and clear legal frameworks.

International practice varies. Some countries use centralized portals with digital IDs and cross-agency data sharing; others use federated or multi-portal models. G2C is commonly contrasted with G2B (government-to-business) and G2G in public administration literature.