Fungët

Fungët are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that include yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. They constitute a distinct kingdom of life and are characterized by their absorptive nutrition, chitin-containing cell walls, and genetic differences from plants and animals. Most fungi obtain nutrients by extracellular digestion and subsequent uptake of organic material.

The fungal body is typically a network of filaments called hyphae that aggregate into a mycelium. Hyphae explore the environment, break down complex organic matter, and absorb nutrients. Reproduction occurs through spores, which can be produced sexually or asexually and are often dispersed through air, water, or vectors. Some fungi exhibit a dikaryotic stage, in which two genetically distinct nuclei share a cell before forming a diploid stage.

Ecologically, fungi play essential roles as decomposers, breaking down dead matter and recycling minerals. They form mutualistic relationships with other organisms, notably mycorrhizal associations with plant roots that improve nutrient uptake, and lichens, partnerships with photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria. Fungi also participate in symbiotic and pathogenic interactions with animals and plants.

Economically, humans rely on fungi for food and beverage production (bread, beer, wine, cheese), industrial enzymes, and pharmaceuticals such as antibiotics. Conversely, some species cause crop diseases, wood decay, or produce mycotoxins hazardous to health. Fungal diversity is vast, ranging from microscopic yeasts to large fruiting bodies, and it is studied in the science of mycology, which uses morphological and genetic data to classify and understand fungal life.